Back pain is among the most frequent medical complaints — 8 in 10 people can expect to have back pain at some point. However, not every back problem is alike, particularly when a pinched nerve is involved.
The Anatomy of the Spine
The spine is a complex structure with several key components:
Vertebrae
There are 24 bones forming the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal column, connecting to the sacrum and coccyx to support the body and nervous system.
Discs
Spinal discs sit between vertebrae, functioning as shock absorbers.
Spinal Cord
Running from the brain's base to near the sacrum, it forms a core part of the central nervous system.
Nerve Roots
Branching off the spinal cord between each vertebra, nerve roots extend throughout the body to form the peripheral nervous system.
Signs of Radiculopathy
Radiculopathy occurs when a nerve root is compressed or damaged by nearby tissue. Common causes include herniated discs and bone spurs. Symptoms vary by affected nerve but may include:
- Sharp pain in shoulders, arms, back, neck, or legs
- Numbness, tingling, or unusual sensation in limbs
- Weakness or loss of reflexes in arms or legs
- Pain that worsens with coughing, sitting, or neck movement
Risk factors include excess weight, a sedentary lifestyle, poor posture, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Treating Radiculopathy
Treatment focuses on symptom control and preventing permanent nerve damage. Options may include:
- Oral medications such as corticosteroids
- Nerve blocks
- Steroid or epidural injections
- Intrathecal pain pump
- Spinal cord stimulators
- Radiofrequency ablation
Physical therapy can also help by improving range of motion, strengthening muscles, and reducing inflammation.